REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS (RSF)
Reporters sans frontières
The CAMBODIAN CENTER FOR INDEPENDENT MEDIA (CCIM)
UN Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review
Β Written submission by Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Center for Independent Media on the state of freedom of expression and access to information in CAMBODIA
A – Overview of the press freedom situation and access to information
Ranked 143rdout of 179 countries in the 2013 World Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders, Cambodia is at its lowest ranking ever. It fell 26 places from 2012 as a result of the events that occurred in 2012 related to freedom of expression and freedom of the press. In most of the cases, the journalists are summoned to Court according to the penal code instead of the press law. Although freedom of the press is guaranteed under the Article 41 of the Cambodian constitution, it is not a reality in Cambodia.
Broadcast media are by far the most popular way through which the majority of Cambodians receive information. All TV stations, most of more than a hundred radio stations and most of the newspapers are controlled by the ruling party, the Cambodian Peoplesβ Party (CPP) or people with close links to it, which guarantees a governmental control over the media and the access to information. As of 2012, all 11 television stations in Cambodia were either owned by the government or a hybrid of government and private (CPP-allied) ownership. Television is overtaking radio as the primary means through which to communicate with the voting public,and is the most tightly controlled medium in the country. Television content is mostly entertainment driven, and because all of the stations are subject to pre-broadcast vetting of news content, they are virtually identical in their presentation of the news.
As of 2012, Cambodia had 30 newspapers published on a regular basis, although there are approximately 300 registered (according to the Ministry of Information), many of which have at least partisan ownership by a government party and are used as platforms for spreading propaganda and discrediting the opposition. Overall, print media faces less government restriction than broadcast media because of its limited coverage.
As with television, permission to broadcast on radio is granted by the Ministry of Information. Radio is highly regulated in Cambodia but it has greater penetration throughout the country because it is a more accessible and affordable medium for the majority of the population who live in rural areas, especially those with no TV coverage or newspaper distribution. In light of the limited access afforded to opposition political parties on television, radio in Cambodia plays a significant role in providing more equitable and balanced media access for parties other than the CPP.
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While high costs and lack of computer access and electricity have meant a relatively low penetration rate for the internet in Cambodia (only 4.4% of the population in 2012), it is still an influential medium which has the potential to grow exponentially as access widens and costs fall. With the introduction of wireless broadband services, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been quick to invest in the Cambodian market, enabling greater high-speed coverage throughout the country.The Internet holds great potential for dramatically changing the media landscape in Cambodia, and to some extent already has. Its increasing influence on the way that news and public opinion is aired is evidenced by the growing number of news websites, blogs and passing social commentary originating from Cambodia that can be found online today. It is a difficult medium to control, though there has been no lacking of trying on the part of the government.
B – Escalation of the threats against press freedom and journalists since 2009.
The main threat against journalists, media workers and press freedom lies in the large collection of law articles that can be used against them as well as a biased justice system. As a result, most of them are afraid to publish any criticism against specific members of the government. Since 2009, the number of cases trying to restrict media freedom has increased. 2012 has been defined as the worse year for freedom of expression and the media.
In 2009, government officials brought anew phase in the politicisation of defamation and disinformation complaints.Hang Chakra, the opposition daily Khmer Machas Srok (http:// kmsblog.wordpress.com/)editor was jailed for a year after he wrote two articles in April and May 2009 in which he said a Deputy Prime Minister was corrupt. This was a result of an abuse of a law about disinformation that was inherited from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). Hang Chakra was released on April 13th, 2010, after he was pardoned by the late King Father Norodom Sihanouk for Khmer New Year.
In a media research published by CCIM on July 2009 and supported by the European Union, the local organizationstatedthat βbusiness and political elites in Cambodia have increasingly turned to the Press Law of 1995 and UNTAC criminal code to sue or intimidate journalists, rather than brute force. Under the press law, misinformation is a criminal offenseβ.
The new criminal code, which took effect on 10th December 2010, reinforced the already existing restrictions on free expression. For example, article 495 is based on a vague definition of incitement as sharing or exposing the public to speech, writings, drawings or audio-visual telecommunication that could βdirectly result in a crime being committedβ or in βserious social unrest.β Defamation and βaffecting the dignity” of others is also punishable under this article.As a result, the World Food Programme employeeΒ Seng Kunnakawas sentenced to a six-month jail sentence and a fine of 1 million riels (250 dollars) by a Phnom Penh court on a charge of criminal incitement for printing an article critical of the government and showing it to workmates. He was convicted under article 495 of this code for sharing an article from the popular news blog KI-Media referring to Prime Minister Hun Sen and several other senior politicians as βtraitors.β His arrest came just days after the prime minister accused the WFP of wrongly claiming that Cambodia faced the possibility of a food shortage.
2012 became the worse year for freedom of press in the country. On August 9th 2012, Chan Soveth, a Senior investigator at the human rights organization ADHOC, was summoned by Phnom Penh municipal court for allegedly βproviding assistance to the perpetratorβ of a crime whilst working with land rights activists in Kratie province.
In September 2012, Mam Sonando, owner of Beehive Radio, was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for allegedly assisting a secessionist movement in Kratie Province. His arrest on July 15, 2012 came shortly after a news report aired on Beehive Radio detailing a complaint lodged with the International Criminal Court accusing the Cambodian government of committing crimes against humanity. Many international groups and leaders campaigned for his release. Following his appeal inMarch 2013, his sentence was reduced to 5 years and suspended. He was subsequently released after serving 8 months in prison.
On September 11th, 2012, Hang Serei Oudomβs body was found in the trunk of his abandoned car near a cashew nut plantation in Ratanakiri province. Oudom covered environmental issues for VorakchunKhmer Daily. Human rights groups including ADHOC were not satisfied with theinvestigation, which was twice closed by the investigating judge at Ratanakirri Provincial Court despite strong evidence linking King Seanglau, a local military police official, who was implicated in one of Oudomβs articles detailing illegal logging published a few days before the murder occurred.
Mr Sovannatith, Reporter Team Leader and Assistant to the VorakchunKhmer Dailyβs editor-in-chief, told VOD staff that Mr Oudom was very happy with his work and aware of the risks involved. Mr Sovannatith is sorry for the loss of his colleague but said he is not afraid to continue reporting about illegal logging in Ratanakiri.
In October 2012, RFA reporter Sok Ratha was summoned by Ratanakiri Provincial Court for questioning on charges of incitement to commit a crime. The allegations related to incitement of members of an ethnic minority to engage in violent protests against D.M. Group Corporation in 2009.
In December 2012, Mr Trang Try, a journalist for the New Decade Newspaper and member of the Khmer Democratic Journalist Association, was arrested by order from Kratie Provincial Court on a charge of extortion. He was arrested after he reported illegal logging to the police.
Mr Vichey Anon, a Radio Free Asia (RFA) journalist, was found unconscious the day after reporting Mr Tryβs arrest. He was found on the road connecting Kratie and Stung Treng provinces. His condition was attributed to a traffic collision. He remains in a coma.
C – Respect of Cambodiaβs implementation of the UN recommendations
In December 2009, Cambodia accepted the 91 recommendations made during its first UPR. Reporters Without Borders and CCIM will comment on 5 of them that both organizations are most qualified to comment upon.
- Recommendation 46 (a) from Switzerland: βEnsure that the freedom of expression and of the press guaranteed in the Constitution are effectively respectedβ
On October 1st, 2012, the owner of radio βBeehiveβ, Mam Sonando, was found guilty of incitement and insurrection and sentenced to 20 years in jail. This use of the penal code is believed to be a political move to silence him and led to the widespread belief that he was targeted because of his activities. He was released in March 2013 but remains under judicial supervision. According to his lawyer, there was no real argument that could have led to his sentencing. His case and above explanations show evidence that freedom of the press is not a reality in Cambodia.
Another one is the censorship of five radio stations by the Ministry of Informationto cease their coverage during the Commune elections in June 2012.
- Recommendation 46 (b) from the Czech Republic: βreview its newly adopted penal code with a view to ensuring its compliance with the permissible limitations to freedom of expression as stated in ICCPRβ
In 2010, when the new penal code was adopted, local organisations denounced the fact that freedom of expression and freedom of the press would be reduced. In a press release published a day before its adoption, the Cambodian human rights organisation Licadho warned thatΒ βany person who criticizes a judicial act or decision aiming to endanger Cambodian institution can be sentenced to up to six months imprisonment and 1 million riel fineβ under article 523 of the Penal code. As such, a newspaper cannot criticize a decision done by a tribunal for example. The organisation identified eight other articles that reduce the rights to freedom of the press. For CCIM, the widespread practice of self-censorship among Cambodian media professionals is born out of a fear of being prosecuted for criminal offences under the country’s penal code for reporting on issues that highlight any controversial activities by the government. This is how the radio Voice of Democracy decided to hire a legal consultation each time it publishes an investigation report.
Since 2009, not only the Penal code has not been amended or reviewed. However, it has been used against Mam Sonando to silence him.
- Recommendation 46 (c) from Israel: βtake effective measures to ensure the freedom of expression and opinion by amending the press law that allows for a broad interpretation of the vague term βhumiliation of national institutionsβ and authorizes censorship, the suspension of publishing and imprisonment under the guise of βnational security and political stabilityβ.
A press law has been adopted in 1995 by the National Assembly. A number of provisions can be seen as positive for, in theory, it should afford vital protection to those working in the media. However, some of its provisions are imposing restrictions on the content. According to the law, the press shall not βpublish anything which may affect public order by directly inciting one or more persons to commit violenceβ(article 11), βpublish or reproduce any information which may affect national security and political stabilityβ(article 12), βpublish or reproduce false information which humiliates or contempt national institutionsβ (article 13) and βanything which affects the good customs of societyβ (article 14). None of these notions are explained in the law, which gives the opportunity of a very broad interpretation. As of today, no measure has been taken to amend this law.
Moreover, there has been a full confusion as to which law should be applied when a journalist faces defamation charges. For example, article 20 of the press law states that βany act committed by employers, editors or journalists that violate[s] the criminal law shall be subjected to punishment according to Criminal lawβ. This reference has not been clarified until today and the adoption of the penal code in 2010 makes it all the more dangerous as stated above and resulted in Hang Chakraβs sentence.
- Recommendation 46 (d) from Mexico: βadopt legislative measures necessary so that journalists are not persecuted while exercising their profession and violations of the limits on freedom of expression are not sanctioned criminallyβ
Since 2009, no such attempt has been done to ensure journalistsβ safety despite the recent attacks on reporters. While the 2010 penal code can protect media professionals from criminal prosecution related to their work, the press law is still vague and lacks clarification related to the use of the Penal code. From 2010 to 2013, the harassment Map[1] published by the Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR), 85 cases of media harassment including arrests, prevention from entering public events, confiscation or damage of their property, criminal charges and violence were recorded.
In 2012, at least three journalists were beaten up because of their activity when covering sensitive issues such as illegal logging. One journalist, Heng Serei Oudom, has been found dead in the trunk of his car on 11 September 2012 after he reported about illegal province in the province of Rattanakiri.As evidenced by the recent case of Radio Beehive station owner Mam Sonandoβs imprisonment, and the numerous journalist deaths in Cambodia over the years, which have gone uninvestigated and unsolved, the dangers of reporting on public issues such as conservation, land rights and employment conditions are still present. Intimidation and threats from the groups in power and with power are commonplace for owners of independent media stations, journalists and reporters who attempt to report news truthfully and impartially.
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While the government has not been able to take any measure to ensure journalistsβ legal and physical safety, it has received recommendations from the civil society in May 2013 to draft an Access to information law as a guardian for journalism safety.
- Recommendation 47 from Hungary: βElaborate an action plan for ensuring free access to the electronic media and for liberalizing the electronic media ownership rulesβ
Since 2009, CCIM has been stating that βas Cambodia establishes closer relations with China, a country known for its draconian control of the Internet through its βGreat Firewall of China,β there is no doubt that the countries will work together on IT and Internet-related issuesβ. Until 2011, Cambodia was regarded as a βDigital Democracyβ because of its lack of web restrictions, especially in comparison with its regional neighbours.Β Beginning in 2011, however, the government (through the Ministry of Interior) began to block certain websites, particularly social media sites such as blogspot.com and KI-Media. Recent attempts to censor the Internet in Cambodia include a decree issued by the Ministry of Telecommunications in December 2012 stating that “Internet cafes cannot be located within 500 meters of a school or allow their clients to gamble, porn surf, visit websites selling drugs or commit crimes that threaten national security or βtraditionsβ.
As outlined in CCHRβs new media report[2], the momentum being gathered by new media such as mobile phones and internet is already ushering in an evolution of the way the media operates in Cambodia, with the hope that it will encourage greater quality independent news reporting and freedom of expression. βThere are a number of independent Cambodian news websites, many of which use video and radio to spread their information, and which are often connected to social media platforms and websites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, through which they also disseminate their news features. Similarly, many Cambodian radio stations use the Internet to disseminate their programs: Channels like VOD, VOA and Voice of Civil Society (run by COMFREL) and others broadcast online.β
The Press Law of 1995 mandates that the crime of βDefamationβ be prosecuted under the civil code.Β This mandate, however, only applies to print media leaving social media users, as well as radio announcers, technically vulnerable to criminal prosecution. An event occurred in January 2013 that rose concerns about the future of Facebook use in the country. In February 2013, Phel Pearun, a teacher living in Phnom Penh, has been summoned to the police after he published a post on Facebook a month before where he was warning of the police practices in a specific district of the capital. βAfter reading the article posted on his Facebook page, the information was written with the intention of defaming the police. It affects my reputation and my organization,β the deputy police chief told the Cambodia Daily on February 27th[3].
Such consideration over online freedom of expression can be dangerous to protect it. There is one new Facebook user every 2 minutes in Cambodia; this rapidly growing sector represents a lot of opportunities for freedom and access to information in the country. According to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Cambodia had 2.7 million Internet users as of December 2012. That number represents a 60% rise in users over the previous year and 18% of the total population. From 2010-2011, Internet users in Cambodia have increased from 320,000 to over 2 million.
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D – Independent journalism at stake
The gagging of independent media by the government and the use of public services and civil servants for party purposes, criticized by electoral observers, is directly responsible for the lack of genuinely democratic balloting as expected by the people. The government and CPP maintain strong control over the media and do not support freedom of the press in Cambodia. In addition, due to low literacy rates and affordability, only 2 percent of Cambodians, mostly in urban areas, read newspapers, making the captive audience for print media quite small and concentrated. This in turn affects the financial viability of publications which are not politically backed as they struggle to attract commercial funds from advertisers who do not see the value in investing in a medium with limited distributional reach.
As a result of the entrenched political influence over the media in Cambodia radio station owners have developed a tendency to always follow government orders and there is still a culture of fear among journalists. Of the 160 radio stations registered with the Ministry of Information (as of 2013), only three could be considered independent β CCIMβs Sarika FM, the Womenβs Radio and Radio Beehive. However they, Radio Beehive in particular, face frequent government obstruction, harassment and intimidation. Despite being shut down on a number of occasions, and facing repeated restrictions, Radio Beehive has played an important role in paving the way for independent radio in Cambodia, selling airtime to other parties who are unable to obtain licenses to broadcast. In 2013,the media market in Cambodia is still small and developing. The operational costs for radio, as with other mediums, is high and the opportunity to raise funds commercially through advertising is low, making the market for selling advertising airtime highly competitive.
Most Cambodian journalists who have graduated from a media faculty seek jobs with foreign institutions and media outlets which offer higher salaries. As a result, the quality of the content of news reports is still questionable. Moreover, journalists are very often badly paid. This has consequences in the ethics and ability of reporters to stay independent. For example, when press conferences are held by businesses, journalists receive money to attend. Since 2009, efforts are done to improve journalism ethics. The Cambodian Journalistsβ Council for Ethics (CJCE) was created with the aim to establish a mechanism to contribute in strengthening and promoting the professional ethics and responsibilities of people in the media sector, especially the Cambodian journalists through monitoring and helping them correct their media practices among journalists. Monitor, evaluate, and discuss and publications in newspapers and magazines available and inform individuals or institutions about compliance with the Code of Ethics, receive reports from individuals and journalists about possible violations of the Code of Ethics, propose disciplinary actions for journalists who have been deemed to have violated the Code of Ethics such as informing the associations or institutions to which the journalist is a member of, conduct training for journalists on compliance with the Code of Ethics. At present, the CJCE is actively and independently functioning to promote the journalist code of ethics by monitoring five television stations and eight newspapers.
E – Discrimination in the access to information
Access to information is a fundamental human right and one that is pivotal to the development of Cambodia. The 1993 Cambodian Constitution emphasized the obligation of the government to promote and protect the rights of Cambodian citizens. This right of access to information is further enshrined and expanded upon in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenants of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), whose article 19 assures the right of everyone to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media.
Almost 20 years after the adoption of the Cambodian Constitution, free access to information in Cambodia is not yet achieved. There is currently an absence of laws and mechanisms to guarantee such a freedom. There is also the lack of knowledge and participation by the public on the issue. Since early 2000, a number of NGOs and advocates have made a push to improve freedom of information, but the commitment of the government and other policy makers has yet to be made.
The political environment in Cambodia has played, and continues to play a central role in shaping the country’s media landscape. Although technically (according to the Constitution and political framework that was created after the Paris Peace Agreements of 1991) Cambodia is a liberal parliamentary democracy, the party which has ruled for much of the time since – the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) – has established and maintained an authoritarian rule. Access to TV coverage for opposition parties was limited to the Equity News Programme, a joint United Nations Development Programme-National Television of Cambodia project, established to give equitable access to all political parties on the national television channel TVK. This UN-funded program created in 2003 has been permanently halted in November 2012 after it broadcast a feature on government-awarded economic land concessions in Ratanakkiri provinceβs Virachey National Park. On November 11, the hosts of the show were forced to apologize for the feature, after Minister of Environment Mok Mareth had sent a letter to Minister of Information Khieu Kanharith complaining that some images used in the program were archive video footage of forest logging from a different location in Cambodia. The spokesman for the Council of Ministers Phay Siphan said that it was unlikely that TVK would have a similar program.Equityβs shows were also one of very few television programs to give airtime to human rights acΒtivΒists and labor unions in the country[4].
In its 2009 media research, CCIM states that βno ministries employing media relations officers, and few NGOs offering training courses for public relations professionalsβ. In addition, officials rarely hold press conferences, preferring to keep going on in the government secret. While a small progress have been done in terms of institution representation, most journalists are disappointed for in most of the cases, they do not have access to a professional spokesperson.
In addition, Cambodia counts at least a dozen minorities with their own dialects. Even if the presence of indigenous people in Cambodia is small compared to its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia, access to information remains a problem for these minorities, which are discriminated.The eastern provinces of Mondulkiri and Ratanakiri are the most concerned by this problem as their region is very difficult to access for telecommunications. Currently, however, the government has granted a number of permits to local and multi-nationals companies for plantations, mining and mining explorations, and other investments, which up to the present the indigenous groups are the ones who carry the burden of the effects of such investments. Among the most common problems the indigenous groups are facing are the: land alienation, displacements of indigenous groups from their residences in their ancestral domain, prohibition from harvesting non-timber forest products, and victimization from violence the companies resorted to keep the indigenous groups away from the land the companies claimed to have legal permit from the government. As a result of the lack of information, the indigenous communities remain powerless in deciding for their communitiesβ future.
On 23 December 2010, a draft access to information law was submitted to the Cambodian National Assembly by a member of parliament from the opposition Sam Rainsy Party. While there has been pressure on the government to enact the law since the submission, similar drafts have been submitted in the past with no success. However, in response to these efforts, the Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection (MoNASRI) drafted a policy framework on access to information. To date, the policy framework has been in the hands of this Ministry and has not progressed past the original draft.
F – Lack of transparency and fears about the upcoming 2013 National assembly elections
With regards to the lack of independence of the media and access to information explained above, Reporters Without Borders and CCIM fear the 2013 National Assembly election will not be fair, as shown in the past. In the run up of the commune elections in 2012, an information ministry ban was put on the retransmission by Cambodian stations ofΒ Voice of AmericaΒ andΒ Radio Free AsiaΒ programmes on the local elections held throughout Cambodia on 3rd, June. One station was taken off air for a day while another was forced to broadcast musical programming. The Khmer radio station Voice of Democracy, operated by CCIM, also had to take down its news broadcasts related to the election on June 3rd. At that time, Chea Sundaneth,Β executive director of theΒ Womenβs Media Centre of Cambodia,Β told Reporters Without Borders she had received a request from the ministry on 31 May to stop broadcastingΒ VOAΒ andΒ RFAΒ programmes, as well as those ofΒ Radio France International andΒ Radio Australia, on the organizationβs radio station. The owner ofΒ Angkor Rattha Radio,Β Keo Rattha,Β said he had received similar instructions.
Equal access to media for all parties was a concern addressed by the Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia (COMFREL) in their report on the 2012 commune elections, and one that has been raised in the past. According to the political watchdog, the CPP received most of positive broadcast coverage from 18th May 2012 to 4th June 2012, while the main opposition parties received less coverage and all negative. During their monitoring period from 1 September 2011 to 15 January 2012, COMFREL also found that CPP received on average more broadcasting time in all TV stations than any other political party.
G – Law to condemn denial of the Khmer Rouge Genocide
According to several Cambodian journalists, Prime Minister Hun Sen’s new law criminalizing denial of the Khmer Rouge genocide is a political move, aimed at the political oponents of the Prime Minister. The bill was drafted within a week and the law passed unanimously during a special session of the countryβs National Assembly but in the absence of all opposition politicians, who were expelled from parliament after forming a new party, the Cambodia National Rescue party.
This new law mandates a jail term of up to two years and fines of $1,000 for anyone convicted of denying the 1975-1979 genocide.
Two aspects of the law constitute its key problems: a conflict with the principle of the right to free expression and a lack of proportionality between the offence and penalty.
Combating genocide denial and the hatred it fuels are obviously necessary and praiseworthy goals. But we must stress that they cannot be achieved at the price of violating the constitutional principle of free expression. Turning historical fact into an unassailable dogma imposed by the state opens the door to dangerous excesses. When writing about the historical facts during the 1975-1979 period, how will a journalist, blogger or historian decide when a comment begins to constitute a “denial” that is punishable under this law?
The penalties envisaged by this law are neither necessary nor proportionate. Envisaging a prison sentence for abusing freedom of expression contravenes Cambodian constitution and the country’s international obligations.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
- Implement effectively the recommendations accepted in 2009
- Draft an Access to information law combined with a Freedom of Information law and in consultation with civil society to improve transparency and media professionalism
- Ensure impunity does not go unpunished and create an independent commission to investigate the case of Heng Serei Oudom as well as journalistsβ and media workersβ attackers.
- Open the TV and radio market to independent and community broadcaster, including reviewing the attribution process for radio frequencies for community radios to be able to broadcast.
- Make the draft of the cyber law available to the public and allow civil society to contribute to its elaboration.
- Abrogate the law criminalizing denial of the Khmer Rouge genocide.
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CONTACTS
HΓ©lΓ¨ne Sackstein, RWB Representative in Geneva – sackstein@rsf-ch.ch, Tel : + 41 79 696 61 33
Benjamin Ismail, Bureau Asie-Pacifique β asie@rsf.org, +33 1 44 83 84 70
Clothilde Le Coz, RWBβs correspondent in Cambodia β c.lecoz@gmail.com – +855 (0)886 004 813
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[1]http://sithi.org/temp.php?url=jour_case/jour_case.php
[2]http://www.cchrcambodia.org/admin/media/report/report/english/2012_07_24_New_Media_and_the_Promotion_of_Human_Rights_in_Cambodia_ENG.pdf
[3]http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archive/police-accuse-teacher-of-defamation-over-facebook-post-11780/
[4]http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archive/un-funded-equity-news-program-scrapped-14805/
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Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆαα»α’αΆααΆαααΆααααααΆαααα·αααΆαααααΆααααΆααα ααααααααΆααααααααααα»ααΆααΆαα αααΎαααΉαααα’ααααΎααααΈααα½αααααααΆαα ααααΆααΈαααΌαααααααααΆααα’αα ααααΆααΈααα·αααα»ααΆαα αααΎα αααα»αα ααααααααΆααΈαααΆααα½ααα αα·αααΆαααααΆαα αααΎα αααα·ααα αααααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααααΆααΆαααααα»ααΆαααααΆααα’αααΆα α¬αααα»αααα»αααααααα·ααααα·αααααΉααααααααααα αααααΆαααα ααΆαααΆααΆααΌαααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆαα·ααΆααα ααΎααααααααααααααααααΆα αα·ααα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆααααααααΉαααααΆαα’α α‘α’ααααΆααΈαααΌαααααααααΆααα‘α‘αα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ αααα·ααα αααααααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆαα·ααΆα α¬αααα·ααα αααααααΆαααΆααααΆαααα½ααααΆααααααΆαα·ααΆα αα·ααααα»αα αα»αα―ααααααααΆαααααααααααΆαααΆαα½ααααααααααααΆααααααα»ααΆα ααΌααααααααααα»αααααΆααα»ααα·αααα»αααα»αααΆαααΆαααααααΆαααααααα»αααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααααΆαα½αα’ααααααααααααα·αααΆααααααααααααααααααΆαααααααα·ααα αααααααΆααααααααααααΉαααααααα»ααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα αααααα·ααΈαα αααα»αααΌαααααααααΆαα αααΎαααΆααΆαααααααΆααα α αΎαααΈαααααααααΉαααΆαααααααΆαααααααΆααΈαααΆααα’ααααααΌααααααα½ααα·αα·ααααα»ααααααααΆαααααααΆαααΆααα’ααααααΎαααααΌα ααααΆααΆαααααα»αα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααααααΉαααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααααααααααα»ααΆααΆαααΆαααα£α αααα ααααααΆαααΆαααα αΆα αααααΈααΆααΆαααΆααααααααΆαααΆα£α α αααααΆαα α»ααααααΈ (αααααΆααααα·αα·ααααααααα½αααααααΆα) ααΆαααααΆα αααΎαααΆαααα αΆαααααααα·αααα·αα½αααΆαα½αααααΌαααααΆαα·ααΆα α αΎαααααΌαααααΌαααααααΎααααΆααααΆαααα·ααΆαααααΆ αα·αααΆααααα αΆααα ααΎαααααααααααΆααα ααΆαα½α ααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααα»ααα ααααααα»αααΉαααΆαααΉααααα·αααααααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α ααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆαα»α’αΆααΆα αααααΆαααααΆαα ααα αΆααα ααΆαααααα·αα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΌα ααΆαααα»αααααΈααΌααααααα ααααα½αααααααΆαααΆα’αααα ααα’αΆααααΆαααααα’αα»ααΆαα²αααααααΎαααααΆααΈααα·αααα»ααΆαα½αα αα·αααα»ααΊααΆααααααααααααααααααΆααα½ααααααΆαα αααΆααααΉαααΉααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ ααα»ααααααΆα’αΆα αααααααααααα ααΌααΆαααααααα ααΈαααααααΆααΆααααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆαααΎαααααΆαα α αΎαα’αΆα αα·αααααΎααααΆααααΆααααααΆαααααααΆααααααααΆαα αααΎααααααααα ααααααααα ααΆαα·ααα αααααΆααα’ααααααααΌααααααααα·αα’αΆα ααααΆαααα α¬αα·αααΆαααΆααααααα αααα»ααααααααα·αααα·αααα»αααΆαααααΎααααΆααααΌααααααααα ααΆαααααα·ααααααΆαααααααααααααΆααααΆααΆ αα·αααα»ααΎααα½ααΆααΈαααΆαααααΆαααααα»αααΆαααααααα·αααα·ααααΎααααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααααααααααα αα·ααα»αααααΆα αααααΆαααααααααααααααααα ααΈαααααααααααΆααααααα»ααΆα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αααα»αααααααααααΆααααΎααααΆαααα ααΆααααααααααα αα·αααΆααααααααΆααα»αααααΌααα αα·αα’ααααΈαααΈααααΎααααΆαα ααΆααααααΆα ααα½αα’αααααααΎααααΆααα’ααΈαααΊαα·ααα ααΆαααααα·αααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆααα (ααΊααΆααααααααΆααααααα€,α€%αα ααααΆαα’α α‘α’) ααΆααΊααΆααααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆαα₯αααα·αααα½α αααααΆααααααΆαα·ααα’αΆα ααΉαααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαα ααα½ααα½αα²ααααααααααΆαα αααα»αααααααααααααΆααααα»αααΆαααααΎααααΆααααΆααααααΌααααΌααΆα α αΎααααααααΆααααααααΆααα α»αα αα ααααααααααΆα’ααΈαααΊαα·αα’ααααααααααΌαααΆαααΆαα αΌαααααααΎααααΆαα αααα»αα αα»ααααααααααΆα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααΆααΆ ααΆαα αΆααααααΎαααΆαααα»ααα·αα·ααααααΆαααΆαααα αααα αααα»αααΈααααΆαααααα»ααΆ αααααααα²ααααΆαααααΆα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααααΏαααΏαααΆααααααΌααααΌααΆα αα ααΌααΆααααααααα α’ααΈαααΊαα·α ααΆααααααΆαα»ααααααΆαααααα»αααΆαααααΆααααααΌααα·αααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ α αΎααααα»αααααα·αααΆαα½ααααααΆααΆαααααΎα²ααααΆαααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααααα½α αα α αΎαα ααααα»ααΆαααΆαααααααααααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαα₯αααα·ααααααα’ααΈαααΊαα·ααααα»αααΆαααααααααααΆαααααααΆα αα·ααααααααααααα ααΊααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαα ααα½αααα·αααΆα αα·ααααα»αααααααΆααααα―α ααααααΆαα½αααΉαααΆαααααααααααΆαααα’ααααΆαα·ααααΆααααααααΈααααααααααα»ααΆ αααααα’αΆα ααΎαααΎααα αααα»αα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααΆααααα αα α»αααααααααα ααΆααΊααΆααααααααααααααααααΆααα½αααααα·ααΆαααΉαααααααααα αααααΈααΆαααααΆαα·ααΆαααΆαααααΆααΆααααααααααααααΈα
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Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆαααααΆαααα ααααΆα αααα ααααα’αααααΆααα α’ααααααααα’αΆααΈααααααααΆαααααααΆα αα·αααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα αααα·ααα αααα»αααΆααααΆα αααΆααααΆα αααΎα αααααα’αΆα ααααΎααααΆαααααααΆααααΉααα½ααα ααααααΆαααααααααααα»ααΆααΆααααααΆαααΆααααα’αααααααα ααΆαααααα αα½αααααΆαα αααΎαααΆαααΆααααααααΆα αααα»αααΆαααααα»αααααααΆαααΌαααΆααα·ααααααΆααΆα αααααααααααΈαααααΆαα·ααΆαααΆααααΆααααΆααααΆααα α αΆααααΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α α© α ααα½αααααααΈααααΆαααααΆααΆαααΆααααα α·αα ααααααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα ααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαα ααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααααΌαααΆαααα αΆαααα»αααΆααΆααααΆαα’αΆαααααααΆααααααααααααΈααΆααααα ααααα· αα·αααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆαα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα αααα»αααααΆαα’α α α© αααααααΈαααααΆαα·ααΆαααΆαααΆαααααΌαααΌαααΆαααααΈααααΆαααααΎα²αααααααΉαααΈααααα·α αΆααααααα αα·αααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααα·ααα·α α²ααααααΆαααΆααΏααααααΆαα ααα α ααα α ααααΆ αα·ααααααΆαααααΆααααααααααα αΆαααααα»α (http:// kmsblog.wordpress.com/) ααααΌαααααΆααααααααΆααΆαα’αααααααααα½αααααΆα αααααΆααααΈααΆααααΆααααααα’αααααααΈαααΆαααΈααααααΆ αα·αααα§αααΆααααΆαα’α α α© αααααΆααααΆααα·ααΆαααΆα§αααΆαααααααααααααΈααααΆααααΆααααααααΉαααα’αααΎαα»αααα½αα αααααΊααΆααααααααααΆαααααααα ααΎα αααΆααααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααα·ααα·αααααααααααα»αααΈααααα’αα»αααΆααα ααα α ααα α ααααΆ ααααΌαααΆααααααααααα ααααααΈα‘α£ ααααααΆ ααααΆαα’α α‘α αααααΆααααΈαααααααΌαααΆαα’αα·ααααααα αααααααΆααα·ααΆ ααααααα ααΈα αα» αααααααΆαααΎαααααα αααα»ααͺααΆααα»αααα αΌαααααΆααααααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα αααα»αααΆαααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααα½ααααα ααααααΆααααCCIMαα ααααααααΆααααΆαα’α α α© αα·αααΆααααααααα ααΆαα’αΊααα»α ααααααααααααα»ααααα»ααα½ααααααΆαα’αα’αΆαααΆα Β«αααα»ααααα½α αα·ααααααααΈαααααΆαα·ααΆαααΆααααααααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ ααΆαααΆααα ααα αααΆααααΆαααααααΆαααααΆαα‘α©α©α₯ αα·ααααααααα ααααααα’αα»αααΆααααΆααααα αααΎαα‘αΎα ααΎααααΈααααΉα α¬ααααΆαααα ααα ααααα’αααααΆααα ααΆααΆαααααΎααααΆαααααααΆααααΆαα αα αααα»αα αααΆααααΆαααααααΆα ααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααα·ααα·α ααΊααΆααααααΎααααα αααααααΒ»
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αααααααα ααααααααααΈ αααα αΌαααΆααααΆααα ααααααΈα‘α ααααααΌααααΆαα’α α‘α ααΆαααααΎα²ααααΆαααΆααααα α·αααΎααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·αααααΆαααααΆααααΆααααααααΆααα‘αΎαα α§ααΆα ααα ααΆααααΆα€α©α₯ααα’ααααΎααΆαα²αααα·αααααααααα·α ααααα·αα αααααααα»αααα ααΆααΆααΆαα ααααααα α¬ααΆααααααΆαααΆααΆαααα αααααααααΈ ααΆαααααα ααΌαααααΌα α¬ααΌαααααΆααααααααααααα αα·αα αααα»αααααα αααα’αΆα Β«ααααα²ααααα§αααα·ααααα½αααααΌαααΆααααααααααΉααααααααααΆααΒ» α¬ααααα²ααααΆα Β«α ααΆα ααααααααααααααααΒ»ααααα·α αΆααααααα αα·αΒ«αααααΆααααα ααααΈααααααααΌαΒ»ααααα’αααααα ααα’αΆα ααααΌαααααΆααααααααααααΎααΆααααΆααααααα ααα ααα αα»αααΆ αα»ααααα·αα’αααααΆααααααα’αΆα αΆααα·ααααα ααααΌαααΆαααααΆαααααα²ααααΆααααααααΆααΆαααααααααααΆααα½ααα αα·ααα·αααααΆααααΆαααα½αααΆααααααααα»ααΆααΆαααΆαααΆααΈααααααα ααΈαααα»αααα αααααΆαααααΆαααααα»αααα’ααααααα½ααααααΆαααΆααα·αααααααααΆαα·ααΆα α αΎααααα αααα αΆαα’ααααα½αααΆαααΆαααΆαα½αα ααΆααααααΌαααΆαααααΆααα²ααααΆααααααα αααααααΆααααΆα€α©α₯αααααααααα ααααααααα ααΈααα ααα αΆαα’ααααααα½αααΈαααα»αKI-MediaαααααΆααααααΆαααα·αααΆα α αΎαα α ααΆαααααααααααααΈ α αα»α ααα αα·αα’ααααααααΆαααΆαααααααααααααααΆααΆΒ«αααααααΒ»α ααΆαα αΆαααααα½αααΌαααα ααΎαα‘αΎαααααΈαααΈαααααααααΆααααΈααΆαααααααααααααΈα αααααααΆααα’αααααΆααααααα’αΆα αΆααα·ααααα ααΆααΆαα’αα’αΆαααααα·αααααΉαααααΌαααΆααααααααααα»ααΆα’αΆα ααααααα»αααΉααααααααΆααααααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααΆαααααΆαααΆααααΆααααα’αΆαααααααΆααααααααΆααααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα αα αααα»αααααααα αα ααααααΈα©ααααΈα αΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααα α αΆαα αα»ααα α’αααααααΆαααααΆαααΆααααααααα α’αααααΆααα·αααα·ααα»αααα’αΆαα α»α ααααΌαααΆααα»αααΆαααΆαααΆααΈααααααααααα α ααΈααΒ«αα½αα’ααααααααααΉαααΒ»ααα§αααα·ααααα½α αααα»αααααααααααΎααΆαααΆαα½αααααααααα·αααα·ααΈααααΈαα ααααααααα ααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα αααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααα ααα ααΌαααααΌ ααΆαααα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»α ααααΌαααααΆαααααα²ααααΆααααααααΆααΆαα’α ααααΆα ααΈααα αΌααα½αα αααΆα’ααααααααα ααααααααα ααα ααΆαα αΆαααααα½αααΌαααααα ααααααΈα‘α₯ααααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααΎαα‘αΎααααααΆααααΈαα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»αααααΆαα’αααααααααααΆααα½αα’αααΈααΆααααααααΉααα½ααααααΆαααααΉααα αα»ααΆααΆαα§αααα·αααααααα’ααααααΆαα· αααα αααααααΆαααααααΆαα·ααΆαααααα»ααΆααΆααΆααααααααΉαααα§αααα·ααααααααααααΆααααα»αααααΆαα·α αααα»ααα·αααα·ααα»ααα αα·αααααΉαααΆαα’ααααααΆαα·ααΆα αααΎαααΆαα ααΆαααααΎαα»αααααΆααΆαααΆαααΆαα²ααααααααααΌααααα αααααΆααααΈα‘αΎαα§αααααααα ααααΈααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααΆαααΆαααααααΌααααααααΌαααΆαααΆαααααααααααααΉαα₯ααααΆα α αΎαααααΌαααΆααααα½ααααα ααααααα αααααααΌαααΆααααααααα αααααΆααααΈααΆααααααααΆααΆαα’ααααααααα¨αααΒ Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα ααααααΈα‘α‘αααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααΆαααααααααα α ααα ααααΈα§αααα ααααΌαααΆαααααααΎα αα αααα»ααααα»αα‘αΆααα½αααααααααα α αααα αααα»αα ααααΆαααααΆαα ααααΈαα½ααααα»αααααααααααΈααΈα αααα§αααα ααΆαααααααααΆαα’αααΈαααα αΆααα·ααααΆααααααΆααααΆααααααααααααα α’αααααΆααα·αααα·ααα»ααα αααα»αααααα½αααΆαα’αΆαα α»αααααα αα·αααΆαααΆααααα α·αααα ααααααΆααααΎαα’ααααα αααααααΌαααΆααα·αααΈαααΎααααα α αααααααΎαα’ααααααα αα»ααΆααΆαααααααααααΈααΈαααα‘αΎα αααααΈααΆααΆαααααα»ααΆαααΉαααΆαα αααααααΆαα ααΈα αααα‘α αααααΆαααααααΈααααΆαα’αΆαα»αα ααα α αΎαααααΌαααΆαα αααααααΆαααα αααα»αα’ααααααα½ααααααααα§ααααααΈααΆαααΆααααααααΎαα»αα αααΆαα αααααΆαα ααααααΆαααΈαααΈαααααα»αααααααααααΌαααααααΎααΆαα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααα αα»αααααα·ααα αααααΆααααα»αα’αααααααααααΆα αα·αααΆαααα½αααΆααα·ααααααΆααααΆαααααΈααααααααααΆαααααΆαααα·αααα»αααααααααααΆαα·αααααα(VOD)ααΆ αααα§ααααααΆαααΆαααΈαααΆαα ααααααΆαααΆαααααααΌαααα α αΎαααΆαααΉαα’αααΈααΆαααααα»ααααααΆααααααΆααααααααα»ααααααα ααααα»αααααα·ααα ααΆαααΆααααααααΆαα ααααααΆαααΆααααααα ααΆααΈααααααΌαααα ααα»ααααααααα·ααΆαααΆααααα·αααααΆα ααΉαααααααΆαααααααααΆαα’αααΈααΆαααΆααααααααΎαα»αα αααΆαααα ααααααααααΈααΈαααα‘αΎαα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα αααα»ααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααα αα»α αααααΆ α’αααααααααααΆααα·αααα»α’αΆαααΈααααΈ ααααΌαααΆααα»ααΆααΆαααααααααααΈααΈαααα α αα ααΆααα½α ααΈαααα»ααααα²αααααααααΉαααααα§αααα·αααα ααΆαα αααααααΆααααΆααααααΉαααΆααα»ααααα²αααααα»αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α ααααΎααΆαααααΆαααααΆαααααα α·ααααΆααΆαα½ααααα»αα αα»αααΈα’α·ααααα»α αα ααααΆαα’α α α©α
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα ααααααΌααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααα ααααΆα ααααΈ α’αααααααααααΆααα ααΆαααααααααααααααΈ αα·αααΆαααΆαα·ααααΆααα’αααααΆααααααααΆαα·ααααααααααα ααααΌαααΆαα αΆαααααα½αααΆααααααααΆαααααα»ααΆααΆαααααααααα αα ααΈααααααα·αααΆαααααΆααα ααΆααααααΌαααα αΆαααααα½α αααααΆααααΈααΆααααΆαααΆαααααααΆαααααΌααΈαα’αααΈ αααααααΆαααΆααααΎαα»αα αααΆααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααα αα·ααα α’αααα α’αααααααααααΆααα·αααα»α’αΆαααΈααααΈ ααααΌαααααΆαα²αααααααα αα½ααααααααααΆααααΈαααααΆαααΆαααααααααΆαα’αααΈααΆαα αΆαααααα½ααααααααΈα ααΆααααααΌαααααααΎααα ααΎααααΌααααα»αααααααααααααααααααα αα αα·αααααΉααααααα ααααΆαα αΆαααα»αααααΈαααααααααΆααΆαααααααααΆααα ααΆα αααα Β ααααααα»ααααααααα·αααΆααααΉααααα½ααα α‘αΎαα
Β
α) ααΆαααααα’αα»ααΆαααααααα’αααααΆααα αααααΆααΆαα·αααααααα»ααΆ
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα ααααααΌααααΆαα’α α α© ααααααααααα»ααΆααΆαααα½αααα’αα»ααΆαααα ααα½αα©α‘ αααααααΎα‘αΎαααααααΆαααΆααααΎαααΈαα½αααααα’αααααΆαα’αααααααααααΆαααααΆαααααααα α αΎαCCIM ααΉαααααΎααΆαα’ααααΆαα·ααααΆααα ααΎα’αα»ααΆαααα₯α ααα»α αααα’αααααΆαααΆααααΈαααΆαααααααααααααα·αααααααααΆαααααα»α αααα»αααΆαααααΎα’ααααΆαα·ααααΆααααα
- α’αα»ααΆααα α€α¦ (α) ααΈααααααααααΈαα Β«ααΆααΆααΆααααΈααΆααααα ααααα· αα·αααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆααααααΆαααΆααΆαα αααα»ααααααααααα»ααα ααααΌαααΆααααααααααΆαααΆαααααα·αααααΆααΒ»
- αα ααααααΈα‘αααα»ααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααα ααα ααΌαααααΌ ααΆαααα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»α ααααΌαααααΆααα²ααααΆαααααααΈαααα»αααα αα·αα’ααααααα α αΎαααΆαααααα²ααααΆααααααααΆααΆαα’α ααααΆαα ααΆαααααΎααααΆαααααααααα ααααααααα ααααΌαααΆαααα αΆαααα»αααΆααΆααΏααααααΆαααΎααααΈαααα·αααΆααααΆαα α αΎαααααΌαααααΆαααααΏααΌαα ααΆααα αααααααΆααααΌαααΆαααααααΆααααααααΆαααααααΆααα ααΆααααααΌααααααααααα ααααΈααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααα»αααααααα·ααα αααααααΆαααααΆαααΎααααααα»ααΆααΆααα α‘αΎαα ααααΈααααααα αα·αααΆαααααααααΆαααΎ αααα αΆαααΌαααααα»ααΆαααΆααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα αα·αααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα‘αΎαα
α’αα»ααΆααααα½αααα ααΊααΆαα αΆαααα·αα»αααα αααααα·αααα»α ααα½αααααΆααααααααα½αααααααΆα αααααΆαααααααααΆαααααΆααααααααααα»αααααααααααααα»ααααα·αα»ααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’α .
- α’αα»ααΆαααα€α¦ (α) ααΈααΆααΆαααααααααα Β«αα·αα·αααα‘αΎααα·αααΌααααααααα αααααααααααΎαα’αα»αααααααΈ αααααΆααΆααΆααΆα’αα»αααααΆαααΆαααΆααααα α·αα ααααααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·αααα’αα»ααΆααααααα·ααΆαααααΆα’ααααααΆαα·ααααΈααΈαα·αααα·αααΈαα·α αα·ααα·αααα·αααααΆααΒ»
Β
αα ααααΆαα’α α‘α αα αααααααααααααα ααααααααααΈααααΌαααΆαα’αα»ααα α’αααααΆααααα»ααααα»αααΆααααααααααααααΆααααααΆααααΈααΆααααα ααααα· αα·αααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα ααΉαααααΌαααΆαααααααα αα αααα»αααα ααααΈαααααΆαααααααΆααααα ααααααΆααα½ααααααα»αααΆαα’αα»αααα αααΆααααα α’αααααΆααα·αααα·ααα»αααααΈααΆααΌ ααΆααααααΆαααΆ Β«ααα»αααααΆααααΆααααααα·ααααα’αααΎ α¬ααα ααααΈαααααα αααααα»ααΆααΆααααααΆαααααααααΎα²αααααααααααΆαααααααααΆαααααααα»ααΆααΆαα½α α’αΆα ααααΌαααααΆαααααα²ααααΆαααα»ααα αΌααααααααΆααα½ααα αα·ααα·αααααΆααααΆαααα½αααΆααααΒ» αα αααααααΆααααΆα₯α’α£αααααααααα ααααααα α ααα»ααΌα αααα ααΆα§ααΆα ααα ααΆααααα½ααα·αα’αΆα αα·ααααααα ααααΈαααααα αααααα»ααΆααΆαααΆαααα ααΈααΆααΌ ααααΆαααααΎαααΆααααΆα¨ααα αααααΆαααααααααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆαα αααααΆααCCIMααΆαα’αα»ααααααΌαααΆαα αΆαααα·αα»ααααααα½αα―ααααααααΎα‘αΎαααΆααΌαα αααα»αα ααααα’ααααααααα’αΆααΈααααααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααα»ααΆ ααΎαα‘αΎααααααΆααααααααααΆα ααααΌαααΆααα»ααΆααΆαααΆαααααααΈααααααΎααααα αααααα αα ααααααααααααα ααααααααααα»ααΆ αααααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααααΆαα’αααΈαααα αΆαααααΆααααααΆαααΌααααααααΆαα ααααΌαα ααααΆαααααααααααΆαα·ααΆαα αααααΆααααα αΎαααααα·αααα»αααααααααααΆαα·ααααααααααΌααα½αααααΆααΈααααΆααααΎααααΈαα·αααααααααα αα ααααααααΆαααΆαααααααααΆααααΎαα’ααααααααααα
α αΆααααΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α α© αααααααα αααααααα·αααααΆαααααα·αααααΌαααΆαααααΎαα·αααααααα α¬αα·αα·αααα‘αΎααα·αααα»ααααααα ααΆαααααΆααααααΌαααΆαααααααααΎααααΆαααααααΆααααα ααα ααΌαααααΌ ααΎααααΈαααα·αααααααααΆαααααααα
- α’αα»ααΆαααα€α¦ (α) ααΈα’ααΈααααΆα’ααα Β«α αΆαααα·ααΆαααΆαααΎααααΈααΆααΆααΌαααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·αααααααΎαα·ααααααααα αααΆααααΆαααααααΆααααααα’αΆα ααααΎααΆαααααααΆαααΌααααΌααΆαααΌαααΆαααααααα·α ααααα·α Β«ααααΎα²ααααΆαααΆαα’αΆααΆαα ααααααααΆαααααΆαα·Β»αα·αααΆαα’αα»ααΆαα²ααααΆαααΆαα αΆαααα·αα»ααα ααΆαααα’αΆαααΆαααααα»ααα αα·αααΆαααΆααααααααΆααΆα αα ααααααααααΆααΆΒ«ααααα·αα»αααΆαα· αα·ααααααααΆααααααΆαΒ»α
α αααΆααααΆαααααααΆααα½α ααααΌαααΆαα’αα»αααα‘αΎαααααααααααΆαα ααααΆαα‘α©α©α₯α ααΆααααΉααααΈ ααΆααααΆαα½αα ααα½αα’αΆα ααααΌαααααΎαααΎαααΆααΆαααΆααα·αααααΆα α αΎαααΆαα½αααα’αΆα αααααααΆαααΆαααΆααααΆαααααΆααα ααααα’ααααααααααΎααΆααααααααααααααααααααααααΆαα αααααΈααΆαααΆαααΆ ααΆααααΆαα½αα ααα½ααααααΆααΆααααα α·ααα ααΎααααΉαααΆααα αα·αα ααααα ααΆαα αααΆααααα ααΆαααααααΆααα·αααααΌαΒ«ααααα»αααααααΆαα’αααΈααααααααΆααααααααααΆααααααΆααααΆααΆααα ααααα»ααααα²ααααα»αααααααΆαα α¬α αααΎαααΆαα αααααααΉαααα’αααΎα α·ααααΆαααα‘αΎαΒ» (ααΆααααΆα‘α‘) Β«ααααα»ααα α¬ααα·αααααααΆαααΆαα½ααααα’αΆα αααααΆαααααααααα·αα»αααΆαα· αα·ααααααααΆααααααΆαΒ» (ααΆααααΆα‘α’) Β«ααααα»ααα α¬ααα·αααααααΆααα·ααα·αααααααααΆααααααα α¬ααΆααααΆαααααΆαααααΆαα·Β» (ααΆααααΆα‘α£) αα·α Β»α’αααΈαααααααααΆαααααααααααΆααααα’αααααααααΒ» (ααΆααααΆα‘α€)α ααΆαα αΆαααΆααααΆααα’ααααα αα·αααααΌαααΆααααααααα αααα»αα αααΆαααααα‘αΎα αααα’αΆα α²ααααααααΎααΆαααααααΆααααΆαααΌααααΌααΆαα αα αΌαααααααα αα α»ααααααααα αααα·αααΆαα αΆαααα·ααΆαααΆαααΆαα½α ααΎααααΈααααΎαα·ααααααααα αααΆαααααα‘αΎαα
ααΎαααΈααα ααΆααΆαααΆαα ααααΌαα ααααααααααα αΉα ααΆααΎαααα½αααααΎα αααΆααααΆ αα ααααααα’αααααΆαααααααααα»αααΉαααΆαα αααααααΆααααΈααααα·α αΆαααααααα α§ααΆα ααα ααΆααααΆα’α ααα αααΆααααΆαααααααΆαα ααααΆ Β«α’αααΎααΆαα½αααααααααααΉαααααααα·αααα αααααΆαα·ααΆα α¬α’αααααΆααα ααααααααα αααΆαααααα αααααα ααΉαααααΌαααΆααααααα ααΆαα αααΆαααααα αααααααΒ» αα αΌαααααααααααα ααΆααααΆααααα·αααααΌαααΆααααααΆααα²ααα αααΆαααααα‘αΎα α αΎαααΆαα’αα»ααααααααααα αααααααα ααααΆαα’α α‘α ααΆααααΎα²ααααΆαααααααααααααΆαααααααα ααΌα αααααΆααααααΆααααΆαααΎ α αΎαααΆαααααααααααααΎα²ααααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααα α ααα α ααααΆα
- α’αα»ααΆαααα€α¦ (α) ααΈααα·α ααα·αα Β«α’αα»ααααα·ααΆαααΆαααααΌαα αααΆαααααα αΆαααΆα α ααΎααααΈαα»αα²ααα’αααααΆαααααααΌααααααα»ααααααααα αααααΆαααα’αα»ααααα’αΆααΈααααααααα½α α αΎαααΆααααααααΎααΆαααΆααααα α·αααααααΈααΆααααα ααααα· αα·αααααΌαααααΆααααααααα ααααααα‘αΎααΒ»
α αΆααααΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α α© αα·αααΆαααΆαααααΆααΆαααΆαα½ααααααααΆαααααΎααΎααααΈααΆααΆααΌααα»ααααα·ααΆαα’αααααΆααααααα‘αΎααααααΈααΆααΆαααΆαααΆααααα αΆαααααΈαα ααααα’αααααααααααΆαααααΈα αααα»ααααααααααααααα ααααααααααΆαα’α α‘α α’αΆα ααΆαααΆαα’αααααΆαααααααΆαααΈααΆαααΆααααααααα ααααααααΆαααααααααΉαααΆαααΆααααααα α αααΆααααΆαααααααΆααα ααΆαααΆαααααα·α ααααα·α α αΎαααααααΆαααααααΊααΆααααααΉαααΆαααααΎααααΆαααααααααα ααααααα ααΈααααΆαα’α α‘α αααααααΆαα’α α‘α£ αααααΈααααΆαααΆαααΈαααααααα»ααααααααααααααααα·αααα·ααα»αααααααα»ααΆ αα½αααΆαα¨α₯ααααΈααααΆαααΆαααΈα ααααααααααααααααααααααΆα ααΌα ααΆααΆαα αΆαααααα½α ααΆαααΆααΆαααα·αα²ααα αΌααα½αααααΉαααα·ααΆαααααΆααΆααα ααΆαααΉαα’αΌα α¬ααααα²ααααΌα ααΆααααααααααααααα· ααΆαα αααααααΆααααΈαααααα αααααα αα·αα’αααΎα α·ααααΆ ααααΌαααΆααααααααΆαα»αα
αα ααααΆαα’α α‘α’ αααΆαα αα ααΆααααΆαα’αααααΆαααα ααα½αααΈααΆαααααααααΌαααααΆααα α’αΆαααααααααααααααΆααααααα½ααα αα αααααααααααΆαα’αααΈαααα αΆα ααααΌαα ααααΆαα ααΌα ααΆααΆαααΆααααααααΎαα»αα αααΆααα α’αααααΆαααααααΆαα ααΊααα α ααα ααααΈα§αααα ααααΌαααΆαααααααΎαααααΆαααα αααα»ααααα»αα‘αΆαααααααΆαα αα ααααααΈα‘α‘αααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ αααααΆααααΈααΆααααΆαααΆαααααααααΆαα’αααΈααΆαααΆααααααααΎαα»αα αααΆαααα ααααααααααΈααΈα ααΌα ααΆααααα»ααΆαααααΆαααΆααααααααΆααΆαααα ααα ααΌαααααΌααΆαααα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»α αα·αααΆααααααΆααα’αααααΆαααααΆα αααΎαααΆαααααα»αα’αα‘α»ααααααΆα αααΎαααααΆαααααααα α αΎααα·αααααΌαααΆααααααΎαα’ααααα α¬αααααααΆαααα αααααααααΆααααααΆαααααααααΆαα’αααΈαααα αΆααΆααΆαααααΌα ααΆααΆαα’αα·αααα αα·αααα·ααΈααααΈ αα·αααααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆα αα ααααΆαααααα ααΆααααα·αααααα αα·αααΆαααααΆαααα ααα’αααΈαααα»αα’αααααΆααα’αααΆα αα·αα’αααααΆαα’αααΆα ααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαα α ααααααα αΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαα―αααΆα α’αααααΆααα αα·αα’αααααααααααΆα αααααααΆααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααααΆαααα’ααααΎααΆααα·α αα·αααααα·ααααα’ααα
αααα»ααααααααααααΆαα·ααΆααα·αα’αΆα α αΆαααα·ααΆαααΆαααΎααααΈααΆααΆααΌααα»ααααα·ααΆαααΆαααΆα αα·αααααΌαα αααΆααα ααααα’αααααΆααααααααααΆαααα½αα’αα»ααΆαααααΈα’αααααΆαααααααααΈαα·ααα ααα§αααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααΎααααΈαααααΆαα αααΆααααααΈα’αααΈαα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆαααΎααααΈαααααααΆαααΆαααΆαα αααααα»ααααα·ααΆαααΆαααααααΆαα
- α’αα»ααΆαααα€α§ ααΈα α»αααααΈα Β«αααααΆαααααααΆααααααααΆαααΎααααΈααΆααΆααΌααα·αααα·ααααΎααααΆαααααααααΈααααααααααααααααααααΆαα’αα‘α·α ααααΌαα·α αα·αααΎααααΈααααΎα²αααααααααα·ααααΆαααΆααααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαα’αα‘α·α ααααΌαα·α ααΆαααΆαααααΈαΒ»
α αΆααααΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α α© CCIMααΆαα’αα’αΆαααΆ Β«αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆαααααΎαααααΆααααααααΆαααααα·ααααα·αααα·ααΆαα½αα α·α αααααΆαααααααααααΆαααΆααααααααααα’ααΈαααΊαα·ααααΆαααΉαααΉαααΆααααΒ«αα αΆαααααααααΎαααααααααα α·α(βGreat Firewall of Chinaβ)ααα ααΆααααΆαα’αααΈααααααααααααααααΆααααααααΆααααΈαααΉαααααΎααΆααα½αααααΆααΎααααααΆααα·ααααΆ αα·ααααα αΆααΆααααααΉαα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααα αΌααααααααααΆαα’α α‘α‘ ααααααααααα»ααΆααααΌαααΆαααα αΆαααα»αααΆααΆΒ«αααααΆαα·ααααααααΈαααΈααΒ» αααααΆααααα·αααΌαααΆαααΆαααΆααααα α·αα’αα·αααΊαα·α ααΆαα·αααααΎααααααααααΉααααααααα·αααΆααααα»ααααααα αααααΈααΆαααΆαααΆ α αΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α‘α‘αα αααααΆαα·ααΆα (ααΆααααααααα½ααα αΆαααα) α αΆααααααΎααααααααΆααααα·αααΆααα½αα ααα½α ααΆαα·αααααα·αααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααΌα ααΆblogspot.comαα·α KI-Mediaα ααΆαααα»ααααααααΈαααααααα»αααΆαααΆααααΆααααα½ααα·αα·αααα’αα·αααΊαα·ααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ αα½αααΆαααΆααΆα ααα½αααΈααααα½αααΌαααααΆααααααΆαααΈααααααΌααααΆαα’α α‘α’ αααα ααααΆ Β«αααα’ααΈαααΊαα·ααα·αα’αΆα αααα·ααα αααα»αααααααα ααααΆαα₯α α ααααααααΈααΆααΆαααα‘αΎα α¬α’αα»ααΆαα²ααα’αα·αα·αααααααααα½ααααααααα ααΎαααΌαα’αΆαα’αΆααΆα ααΎαααα·αααΆααααααααΏαααα α¬αααααααΉαααααα§αααα·ααα αααααααΆαααα αααααααααα·αα»αααΆαα· α¬ Β«αααααααΈΒ»α
ααΌα αααααΆαααααα»ααααΆαααΆαααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααΈααααCCHR[1] ααααα»αααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααΈ ααΌα ααΆααΌαααααααα αα·αα’ααΈαααΊαα·α αααα»ααααααΎαααΌαααΆααα·ααααα·ααααΈαα½αα’αααΈαααααααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααΎαααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ ααααααααΉαααΆααΆααΉαααΎαααΉαα α·αααα²ααααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆαααααααααΆααααα―αααΆα αα·αααΆααα»αααΆα αα·αααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·ααΆααααα αααΎαα‘αΎαα Β«ααΆαααα·αααΆαααααααΆαααααα»ααΆαααα―αααΆααα½αα ααα½α αααααΆαααα·αααΆαααΆα αααΎαααααΎααααΆααααΈααα’αΌ αα·ααα·αααα» ααΎααααΈααααααααααΆαααααααΆα α αΎααααααΆααΉαααΆααααΆαααααΆαααα ααΉαααα·αααΆα αα·αααααααααααααααααααΆαααααα ααΌα ααΆα ααααααα»α ααααΈαααΊαα αα·αααΌααΌα αααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααααΆααααααααα ααΌα ααααΆαααααα ααααΆααΈααα·αααα»ααΆαα αααΎα ααααΎααααΆααα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααΎααααΈααααααααααΆααααααα·ααΈαααααααα½α ααΌα ααΆVOD, VOA αα·αααααααααααααααΈαα·α (αααααααααααααα»αα αααααα)αα·αααααααααααααααααααΆαααΆαα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααααααααα
α αααΆααααΆαααααααΆαααααΆαα‘α©α©α₯ αααααααΆααα§αααα·αααααΒ«ααΆαααα·α αΆαααααααΒ» ααααΌααααα»αααααααααα αααΆαααααααααααααΈααααααΈααΆαααΆαααΆααΆαααααααααααααΎααααΆαααααααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααα»αααααα»ααααα ααααα»αα²ααα’αααααααΎααααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααα ααααααΆααα’αααααααΆααα·αααα»ααΆαααΉαααααΌααααααα»ααααααααααααα αααααα ααΆααααααααα αα ααααααααα ααααΉαααα·ααΆααααα½ααααααΎαα‘αΎααα ααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαααΆααααα½αααΆααααα’αααΈα’ααΆααααααΆαααααΎααααΆααα ααααααα»ααα αααα»αααααααα αα αααα»ααααααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααα ααα ααΆαα»α ααΆααααΌααααααααααΆααααααα ααΆαααΆααΈααααααα ααααΌααααααα α αα ααΆααααααααΆααααΌααΈααααααΆααααΈααΆαααααα ααα’ααααααα½αααΆαα ααααααα»ααα½ααααα»α ααααααααΆαα αααααααααΎαααααααΌααΈααα αααα»αααααααα½ααα αααααααα Β«αααααΆααααΈα’αΆαα’ααααααααα αααα αααα»αα ααααααα»αααααααΆαα ααααααΆαααααΌαααααααααααα»ααααααααααα·α αΆααααααααααΌααΈαα ααΆαααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααα»α αα·αα’αααααΆααααααααα»ααΒ» ααΆααααααΌααΈα ααΆααα·ααΆαααααΆααααΆααα ααΉ αααααΌααΆ ααααΈααΆαααΈααααααΈα’α§αααα»ααααα
ααΆααααααΎαααααααα ααααααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·ααΆαα’ααΈαααΊαα·α α’αΆα αααααααααΆαααααα»αααΆαααΆαααΆαααΆα ααΆαα’αααααααΎααααΆααα ααααααα»αααααΈααααΆαααααα»αααααααα’ααΆααΈαα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα ααααααααααααααααααΆαααααααααααΎαα‘αΎααααΆαααΆαααα ααααα αααααααΌααͺααΆαααΆα αααΎααααααΆααααααΈααΆα αα·ααα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆα αα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα ααααα ααΆαααααα½ααααααααΈα αα·αααΌαααααΆαααα ααααααααααα»ααΆααΆαα’αααααααΎα’ααΈαααΊαα·αα ααα½αα’,α§ααΆαααΆααααααααΉαααααααΌααααΆαα’α α‘α’α α ααα½αααα ααααΎααΉαααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαα¦α %ααα ααα½αα’αααααααΎααααΆαα ααΎααααααααααΉαααααΆαααααααα αα·αα‘α¨%ααα ααα½ααααααΆααααααααα»αα ααΈααααΆαα’α α‘α αααα’α α‘α‘ α’αααααααΎααααΆααα’ααΈαααΊαα·ααα ααααα»ααΆ ααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαααΈα£α’α α α α ααΆαα αααα’ααΆαααΆααα
α) ααΆαααααααα»αααααΆαααααααΆαα―αααΆα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆααααα·αααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαα―αααΆαααααααααΆαα·ααΆα αα·αααΆαααααΎααααΆααααααΆααΆααΆααααα·ααααααααΈααΆαααΆααααααΆαααααααααααααααααΆα αααα’αααααααααααΆααααααααααααα·αααααααααΆα’αααααα½ααα»αααααΌααααααααΆααα ααααααΆαααααααααααααα·αααΆααααααααααααΆαα·αααααααα·αααααΆαα ααααααααΆααααααααααΉαα ααααΆαα αααααΆαα·ααΆα αα·ααααααααααααΆααααααα»ααΆ ααΆααααΆααααΆαααααααααααααΆαααΉαααΆααα ααΎααααααααααααααααααΆαα αΎααα·αααΆαααΆααααααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα αα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆαααα‘αΎαα ααααααααΈααΎααα α’αΆααααααααα’αΆααααΆα’ααααααΆααα ααΆα α αΎααα·αααΆαααααααΆαα’αΆα ααΆαααΆα ααΆααααααααΆααααααααααα»ααΆα’ααΆαααααα»ααααα αααααΆαα αααΎαααααα ααΈααααα»ααα ααΆαα’αΆαααΆααα αααααααΎα²ααα ααα½αα’αααα’αΆαααΆααα·α α αΎααααααΌααααα»ααααα ααΆαααΈαααα»αααααααΆαααα ααΆααααααΆααα ααααααααΆααα αααΌααααααΆααααααααααααΆαααααΆααΆ ααααα·αααΆαααΆαααΆααααααααααααααααααΆα αααα»αααααααααααααΆααΆαααΆααααΆαααΌααα·αα·ααΈα’αααααααΆαααΆαα·ααααααα αααααΎααα·αααΎαααααααααα»αααΆααα·αα·ααααα ααΎααααααααααααααααααΆαααΆαα ααα αΆααα ααΆαααααα·αα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆααααααααα₯ααααααααααΆαα αΆααααααΉααα ααΎααααααααααααααααααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα’ααααααααααααααααΆααΈααα·αααα»ααΆααΆααΆααααααΎααα·ααααΆααΆααα½α ααααααααααααααααΆααααααααΆαααααααααΆαα·ααΆα α αΎααα ααααΆααααααααααααΆααααααααΆα αααα»αα ααααα’αααααΆαααααααα»αα ααααααααΆααΈααα·αααα»α‘α¦α αααααΆαα α»ααααααΈαα ααααα½αααααααΆα (αα·αααααααΉαααααΆαα’α α‘α£) ααΆαααααααΆααΈαααΈααα»ααααααααα’αΆα α αΆαααα»αααΆααΆαααΆαα―αααΆα αααα»αααααα½αααΆααα·αααα»ααΆαα·ααΆααααCCIM αα·αααα»ααααααααααααΈααααα»ααΆ αα·ααα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»αα αααααΈααΆαααΆαααΆ αα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»αααΆαααααααα»αα ααααααΆαααααΆα ααΆαααΆαααΈ αα·αααΆααααα·αααααα ααααααααα·ααΆαααΆααΉαααΆααα αααααΈααΆααααΌααααα·αααΆα αααΎαααΎα α αΎαααααααα»αααΉαααΆαααΉαααααΉαααΆα αααΎααα αα·αααα»ααααα»ααααα»αααΆαααΎααα½ααΆααΈααααΆαααα½ααααα»αααΆααααα½αααααΆαααααΌαα²ααααΆααα·αααα»α―αααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ ααααααααααααααΆαααααααααααααααΆαααααααααααα·αα’αΆα αα»αα’αΆααααΆααααααααααΎαααααΆααΈααα·αααα»ααΆαααα ααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααΈααααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆααα ααααααααααα»ααΆαα ααΌα α ααα’αα αα·ααααα»αα’αα·αααααα αα»αα ααΌα ααααΆααΉαααααααααααααααααααΆααααααα αααααααΎααααΈααααΎαααΆαααΆαααααΆααα ααααα α αΎααͺααΆααααα»αααΆαααααααΆααα αααΌαααΆααααααΆαα·ααααααα αα ααΆαααααα·αααΆα αααααααΎα²ααααΈααααΆααααα»αααΆααααααααααααΆαααΆαα·ααααααα ααΆαααΆαααααα½αααααααααααΆααααΆααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β α’αααααΆααααααααααΆαα αααΎααααααΆααααα ααααΆααα·ααααΆααΈααΆαααα·ααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆαααΆααααααααααΆαααΆαααααΎαα ααααΆααα αα·αααααααααααααααααααΆαααααα ααααααααααααΆαααααααααα ααΆαααααα αα»αααΆαααα’αααααααααααΆα αα ααΆααααα αΆαα α‘αΎαα ααΎαααΈααα α’αααααΆαααααΆααΉαααΆααααα½αααΆαααααΆααααααΆααααα»αα ααΆαααα·ααΆα α’αααααααααααΆαααΆααααα αΆαααααααααααΈαααα α αΎααα·αα’αΆα αααααΆα―αααΆαααΆαααΆαα ααΆα§ααΆα ααα αα αααααααααα»αα αα»αααΆααΆαααα αααααα·ααΈαααΆαααααααΆα α’αααααΆαααααα½ααα»αααΈααααΎααααΈαα α αΌααα½αα α αΆααααΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α α©αα ααΆαααΆαααααΉααααααααααααααΎααααΈααααΎα²αααααααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαααααααΈαααααα·ααααΆααΈααα αααα»αααααΉααααΆααααααΈααααα’αααααΆαααααααα»ααΆ (CJCE) ααααΌαααΆααααααΎαα‘αΎααααα»αααααααααααααΎαααααααΆααα½α ααΎααααΈαα½αα αααααααα»αααΆααααααΉα αα·αααΎααααα½αααααααΈαααααα·ααααΆααΈαα αα·αααΆαααα½ααα»αααααΌαααααα’αααααααααααα’αΆααΈααααααααΆαααααααΆα ααΆαα·αααα’αααααΆααααααααααΆααααααΆααααα½ααα·ααα αα·ααα½ααα½ααααααααααΌαααΌαααΆαα’αα»ααααααΆααΆααααααααα½αα CJCE ααααΎααΆααααα½ααα·αα·ααα ααΆαααααα αα·ααα·ααΆααααΆα’αααααααΆααΆαααα α»αααααΆααα αααα»αααΆααα αα·αααααααΆαααααΈ αα½α α αΎαααΌαααααΉαααααα»αααα α¬ααααΆαααααΆααΆα’αααΈααΆαααααααΆαααααααΈαααα ααα½αααα ααααΈααΆαααΆαααααΈαα»αααα αα·αα’αααααΆαααααΆααΆα’αααΈααΆααααααααΎααααααΈααααααΆαα½αααααΎα²ααααΆααααααααΆαααααΆαααΆαααα·ααααααααΆααα’αααααΆααααααααα αΆαααα»αααΆααΆααααααααΎααααααΈαααα ααΌα ααΆααΌαααααΉαααααααΆαα α¬ααααΆααααααα’αααααΆαααααΆαααΆαα·α αααα αααΆαααααα»ααααααΆαα ααααα’αααααΆαααα’αααΈααααααΈαααααα·ααααΆααΈααα αα αα α»ααααααααα CJCEαααα»αααααΎαααΆααααΆαααααα αα·ααααα―αααΆα ααΎααααΈααΎαααααααααααααΈααααα’αααααΆααα ααΆααααααΆααααα½ααα·αα·αααααααΆααΈαααΌαααααααα ααα½αααααΆα αα·αααΆαααα ααα½αααααΆαααΈα
–Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆαααΎαα’αΎααααα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆα
αα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆα ααΊααΆαα·αααα·ααα»αααααΆααΌαααααΆα α αΎαααΊααΆαα·αααα·αα½ααααααΆαααΆααααααΆαααααα»αα ααααααΆαα’αα·αααααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα Β αααααααααα»αααααααα»ααΆααααΆαα‘α©α©α£ ααΆαααααααααααααα ααΎααΆαααααα·α αα αααααααααΆαα·ααΆααααα»αααΆαααΎααααα½α αα·αααΆαααΆααα·αααα·αααααααααΆααααααααααα»ααΆα αα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆαααα ααααΌαααΆαα αΆαα·ααα»α αα·αααα·ααΆαααααααααα αα αααα»αααα ααααΈαααααΆαααΆαααααααΈα’αααΈααααα·ααα»ααα (UDHR) αα·ααα αααα»αααα·ααΆαααααΆα’ααααααΆαα·ααααΈααΈαα·αααα·αααΈαα·α αα·ααα·αααα·αααααΆα(ICCPR)αααααΆααααΆα‘α©ααααααα·αααααΆααΆααααΈαααα ααΆαααΆααΆααΌααα·αααα·ααα»ααααααααααΌα αααα»αααΆαααααααα ααα½α αα·αααααααααααΆαααααααΆα αα·ααααα·αααΆααΆ ααΆααααααααααααααααααααααΆαααΆαα½αα
α’αααααααααα·αα’α ααααΆααααααΆααααΈααΆαα’αα»ααααααααααααα»αααααααα»ααΆ αα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆααααααααΈαα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ αα αα·αααΆαααααααα ααΆααα α‘αΎαα αα αα α»ααααααααα αα αα·αααΆααααΆαα αααΆαα αα·αααααααΆαααΆαα½α ααΎααααΈααΆααΆααΌαααααΈααΆαααααα α‘αΎαα α ααααααΉα αα·αααΆαα αΌααα½αααΈααΆααΆαααααΎαααααΆαααααα αα ααΆαααΆαααααααΆααα α‘αΎααααα α αΆααααΆααααΈααααΆαα’α α α αα α’αααααΆααααα αααααΆαα·ααΆα αα·αα’αααααααΌααα·αα½αα ααα½α ααΆαααααα»αα²ααααΆαααΆαααααΎα²αααααααΎαα‘αΎαααΌαααααΈααΆαααα½αααααααΆα ααα»αααααα·αααΆααααΆαααΆαααΆααα α·αααααΈαααααΆαα·ααΆα αα·αα’αααααααΎααααααααΆαααΆααΆαα α‘αΎαα
ααα·ααΆααΆααααααΆααα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆ ααΆα αα·ααααα»αααΎααα½ααΆααΈα ααα αααα»αααΆααααααααα·αααααααααααααααααααΆααα αααα»αααααααα αααααΈααΆααΆααααααααα αα ααααα (αααααΆααααααααααα»ααα αα·αααααααααααααααΆααααααααΌαααΆααααααΎαα‘αΎααααααΆααααΈαα·α αα ααααααααααααα»ααααΆααΈαααααΆαα‘α©α©α‘) ααααααααααα»ααΆααΊααΆααααα·αααααΆαα·ααααααααααΈα’αΆααααααααΆααααΈ αααααααααααΆααααααα»ααΆαααααΆαααΆααα’αααΆα ααααΎαααααΆαααααα»αα αΆααααΆααααΈαααααααα ααΆααααααΎα αα·ααααααΆααΆαααααααααααα½αααΆαααααααααΆα αααΆαα αα·αααα·αααα»αααΆαααααααααααΆαααααααΆαααΆαααΌααααααααααααΆαααααααααααααΆαα ααΆαααααΉααααααααα·ααΈααααα αααααΆαααααααα½ααααΆααααααα·ααΈα’αα·ααααα’αααααΆααα αααααΆααΆαα· αα·αααΌαααααααααΆαα·ααααα»ααΆ αααααααΌαααΆααααααααΎαα‘αΎαααΎααααΈααααααα·αααα·ααααΎααααΆα αααααααααααααααΆαααΆααα’αα αα ααΎααΌαααααααααΆαα· (ααα)α αααααα·ααΈααααααααααΌααα·αα·αααα’αααααΆααα αααααΆααΆαα·ααα αααααΆααααααΎαα‘αΎααα ααααΆαα’α α α£ ααααΌαααΆαααααααααΆα’α α·ααααααααααΆαααΈαααα·α ααα·ααΆ αααααΆααααΈαααααα·ααΈαααααααΆαααααααΆααααα½αα’αααΈαααα»αα αα»αααααααΆαααΈααααΈααααααααααααααααΆαα·ααΆα αα α§ααααΆαααΆαα·ααΈαααα αααα»αααααααααααΈααΈα αα ααααααΈα‘α‘αααα·α ααα·ααΆ α’αααααααααααααααααα·ααΈ ααααΌααααααααα²αααα»αα’ααααααα ααααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆαααααα αααααΆααααΈαααααα»α αααΆαααα αααααααααααΈααααα½αααα·ααααΆα ααΆαααααΎαα·αα·ααα½ααα ααΆααααα ααα ααΆααΆααΈααα αααααααααααΈααααα½αααααααΆα αααααα’αΌαααα’ααααΆααΌαααΆααααααααααΆαααααΎααααΆαααα αααα»ααααααα·ααΈααΊααΆααΈααα’αΌαααααΆααΆαααααΆαααΆααααααααΎαααα»αααααααααααααα αα αααα»αααααααααααα»ααΆα ααα αα αααΈααΆα α’αααααΆαααΆαααααΈααααΈααΆααααααααααααααΈ ααΆααα·ααΆαααΆ ααα ααααααΆααΉααα·αααΆααααααα·ααΈααααααααααΆαααααα αααααα αααααα·ααΈααααα ααΊααΆαααααα·ααΈααΌααααααααααα·α αα½α ααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααα·αααα·ααα»ααα αα·ααα ααΈααααααααα αααα»ααααααα[2]
αα αααα»αααΆαααααΆαααααΆαααααααααααααααααααΆαααααΆαα’α α α©αααααααα½αCCIMαααααΆααααΆ Β«ααααΆαααααα½αααΆαα½ααααααΆααα»ααααα·αααΆαααααααΈααααΆααααααααΆααΆαααα‘αΎα α αΎαα’αααααΆααααα αααααΆαα·ααΆααα½αα ααα½αααΌα ααα»αααααααααααααααααααααα»ααααααΆααααααΆαααααααααΈααααΆααααααααΆααΆαααΒ»α ααααααααΈααΎααα αααααααΈααΆααΆ αααααααα αααααα·ααΈαααΆαααααΆαα ααααα»αα α·αααααΆααααΆααααααΆααααΌαα’αααΈααααααααΎαααΆααα αα αααα»ααααααΆαα·ααΆαα αααα»αααααααααΆαααΆαααΈαα ααααΎαααααα·α ααααα½α αααα»αααΆααααα αα²ααααΆαααααΆαα’αααααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααΆαααααΆααΆ α’αααααΆαααααΆαα αααΎαααΆαααΆαα’αΆααα’ααα α·ααα αααααΆααααα»αααααΈααΆαα αααΎα αααα·αα’αΆα αααααααααΈα’αααααΆαααΆααααα»αα’ααααΆαα·ααααΆαααΆαα‘αΎαα
ααααααααΈααΎααα ααααααααααα»ααΆααΆααααα»αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α ααΆαααααααα»ααααααΆαααΆααΆαααααααα½αα αααααΈααΆα ααα½αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α αα αααα»ααααααααααα»ααΆααΆαα ααα½αααΌα ααΎααααααααααΉααααααααα·αααΆααα α’αΆαααΈα’αΆαααααααα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆααα ααααΆαααα αΆαααααΆαααααα»αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α ααΆααααα αααααααΌαααΆαααααΎαα’αΎααααααα ααααααααααααΈααΈ αα·ααααααΈααΈαα ααΆαααΆαααΎα ααΊααΆαααααααααα½αα²αααααα½αααΆααααααΆααα α’αΆαααααααααααααααααααααΆαααΆααα·ααΆααααα»ααααα»αααΆαααααΎααααΆααααααααααααΌαααααΆααααα αααααΈααΆαααΆαααΆααααΈ αα αα α»ααααααααα αααααΆαα·ααΆαααΆαααααααα·αααα·αα½αα ααα½αααααααα»αα αα»ααααα»ααααα»α αα·ααααα»αα αα»αα αααα»αααΆαα·ααΆαααααΎααααΈαααααΎαα ααααΆα αα»αααααα αα·αααΆαααα»ααα·αα·ααααααααα ααααα αΌαααααααααα αααα»αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α ααΆααΆααΆα’αααααααΌαααααααααΌααααααααΆααααααΆααα·αα·αααααΆαααααααααα»αα αααααααα αΆααΌαα ααααααα»αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α αα½αααααα ααΊααΆαααΆααααααΈααααΈ ααΆαααααΆααααΈαααααααΈααΈααΌαααΆαααααααα½α ααΆαα αΆαααΆαααα·αα²αααααααααα’αα»ααααααααΎ αα·αααΆαααααΎα’αααΎα α·ααααΆααΈαααα»αα αα»αααααααααααααα»αααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α α ααααΈααΈαααααα’αα’αΆαααΆααΆαααα½ααα·αααα·ααααα αααΆααααΈαααααΆαα·ααΆαα ααΆαααααααααααααααΆαααααααΆα αα ααααααααΆαα·ααΆααα·α αα αααα·αααΆαα’αααΆα αααα»αααΆααααααα α’ααΆαααα αααααααααααα½αα
αα ααααααΈα’α£ααααααΌααααΆαα’α α‘α ααα ααααΈαααααα αααΆααααααΈα’αααΈαα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆαααααΌαααΆαααΆααααΌααααααααΆααααα»ααΆ ααααααΆαα·ααααΆααααΈααααααααααααααΈα αααα»αααααααααΆααααααΆααα ααΎαααααΆαα·ααΆαα²ααα’αα»αααα αααΆαααααα αΆααααΆααααΈααΆααααΌαααΆαααΆααααΌα ααα ααααΈαααααααααααααααΆαααααααΌαααΆαααΆααααΌααα αααααααΆααΆαααΈαα»αα ααααα·αααΆαααααααα‘αΎαα αααααΈααΆαααΆαααΆ ααααΎααααα ααΉαααΆαααααΉααααααααα ααααα½αααααΆαααααααααααααΆ ααααΉααααααΆ αα·αα’αα·ααΆααα·α αα ααΆαααααΎααα ααααΈαααααααααααααααααααααΆααα½αααααΈα’αααΈαα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆαα αα αΌαααααααααααα αααααααααααααΆααα½αααα αααα·ααα αααα»αααααααααααα½α α αΎααα·αααΆαααΆααα·αα·αααα·αα αα»αααΎαααΈααα ααααΈαααααααΎαα‘αΎαα
α ) ααααααααααΆααΆα αα·αααΆααααααααΆα α’αααΈαααααααααααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α£
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆααααααΉααααααα―αααΆαααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααΆα αα·ααα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆα αααααΆαααααααααΆαααΎ α’αααααΆαα’αααααααααααΆαααααΆαααααααα αα·αCCIM ααΆαααΆααααααααΆα ααΆααΆαααααααααααααΆαα’α α‘α£ ααΉααα·αααΆαααΆααα»αααα·ααααααα‘αΎα ααΌα αααααΆαααΎαα‘αΎαααΆαααΈα’ααΈαααΆαα αααα»αα’αα‘α»αααααα»αααΆααααααααααα»αααααΆαα’α α‘α’ ααααα½αααααααΆαααΆαα ααααΆαα αΆαααΆαααα½ααα·αα²αααα·αααα»αααα»ααααα»αααααΆαααααααΌααααααα·ααΈααααΆααααααα·αααα»αααααααα ααααα’αΆαααα·α αα·ααα·αααα»α’αΆαααΈααααΈ α’αααΈααΆααααααααααα»ααααααααΎα‘αΎααα ααΌααΆααααααααααααααΈα£αααα·αα»ααΆαααα‘αΎααααααΆααΈααα½αααααΌαααΆααααα·αααΆαααααΆααααααααα½ααααα α ααααααααΆααΈααα½ααααααααΌααααααααα²ααααααΆααααααααα·ααΈααα αααααα αα·αααα»αααααααααααΆαα·ααααααααααCCIM ααααααΌαααα’αΆαααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααααααα½αααΆααααααΉαααΆααααααααααα»αααααααΈα£αααα·αα»ααΆαααααα αα αααααα αααααααΈ ααΆ ααα»αααΆααα ααΆααααααα·ααααα·ααααααααααααααααΆαααααααΈααααα»ααΆααΆαααααΆααα’αααααΆαα’αααααααααααΆαααααΆααααααααααΆ α’αααααααΈααΆαααα½αααααΎαα½αααΈααααα½αααΆαααΈααααααΈα£α‘ααα§αααΆ α²ααααα’αΆαααΆαααααΆααααααα·ααΈαα·αααα»αααααααα ααααα’αΆααα·α αα·ααα·αααα»α’αΆαααΈααααΈααααααΆαααααααα·ααΈαααααα·αααα»ααΆααΆααα’ααααααΆαα· αα·ααα·αααα»α’αΌααααααΆααΈ ααΆαααααΆααΈαααααααααααααααααα ααα ααα αααααΆ ααΆαααα·αααα»α’αααααααααΆ ααΆααα·ααΆαααΆααΆααααααΆαααα½αααΆαααααΆαααΌα ααααΆααααααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα·αααα·ααααΎααααΆαααα»αααΆαααααΎααααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆααααααααααΆααα’αα ααΊααΆααΆααααα½αααΆαααααα½ααααααΆαααΎαα‘αΎααααααααααααΆααααα αααΆααααααααααααααααΈ αα·ααα»αααα·ααααα αααα»αααααα»ααΆ (αα»αα αααααα)αα αααα»ααααΆαααΆααααααααααα½αααααΈα’αααΈααΆααααααααααα»αααααΆαα’α α‘α’ α αΎαααααΆααΆααααα½αααΆαααααα½ααααααααΌαααΆαααααΎαα‘αΎαααΆαααΈαα»ααααααα αααααΆαα’αααααΆαααααΆαααΎααααααΆα αααααααααααΆααααααα»ααΆ ααΆαααα½αααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααα·αααααΆαααΆαα αααΎαααΈααααααΈα‘α¨ααα§αααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’αααααααααΈα€αααα·αα»ααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’αααα»ααααααααααααααααααΆααααα ααΆαααα½αααΆαααααααααααΆααα·α αα½α α αΎααα»αααααΉαααΆααΏαα’αα·αααααΆαα αααα»αα’αα‘α»ααααααΆααααα½ααα·αα·ααααααααααα½αααΈααααααΈα‘αααααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α‘αααααααααΈα‘α₯ααααΆααααΆαα’α α‘α’ αα»αα ααααααααααΆαααααΎαααΆαααααααααααΆαααααααα»ααΆ ααΆαααα½αααααααααΆαααΎααααΆααΈαααΌαααααααααΆααα’ααα αααΎαααΆααααααααααααα
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α) α αααΆααααααααααααΆαααα·αααα’αααΎααααααααΌαααΆαααααααααααααααα α
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αααααΆαα’αααααΆααααααααααΆα αααΎαααΆαα α αααΆααααααΈααααααΆαααααααααααααΈα αα»αααααααααΆααααααααα ααααααα ααααααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα½αααααΆααα’αααΎααααααααΌαααΆαααααααααααααααα α ααΊααΆα αααΆααααΆααααααΆααα½ααααα α ααααααΌαααααΆαααααααΆαααααααΆαααααααααααααΈα ααα ααααΈααααΎα αααΆαα ααααΌαααΆααααααααΆααααααα»ααααααααα½ααααααΆα α α αΎαα αααΆαααααααααΌαααΆαααα’αα»αααααΆα―αα αααααα αααα»αα’αα‘α»αααααα·α αα ααααα»ααα·ααααααααααααααΆ αααααααΆαααααααΆααααΆαα·ααααΆααΈαααααααααααΆαα αααααααΌαααΆαααααααααα ααααΈαααααααΆαααααΆααααΈαααααΎαααααααααααααααααΆαα·ααααΈα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β α αααΆααααααΈααα αααααααΆααααααααΆααΆααα αΌααααααΈαααααΆα αα·ααα·αααααΆααααΆααα‘α α α αα»ααααΆ α ααααααααΆααααΆαααααααααΌαααΆαααΆαααααα²ααααΆαααα»α αααααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα½αααααΆααα’αααΎααααααααΌαααΆαααααααΆαα‘α©α§α₯αααα‘α©α§α©α
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β αα·αααααΆαααΈαααα αααΆααααα ααααααΌααααα αΆααααΆαααα½αα ααα½α αααααΊαα·ααΆαααΆαα½ααααααΆααααααα·αααα·ααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·αααααααΈ αα·αααΆααα·ααααΆααΆααααααΆααααααα α»α αα·αααΆαααΆαααα·αααα
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆααααααααΆααααΌαααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα½αααααΆααα’αααΎααααααααΌαααΆααα αα·αααΆαααα’ααααααΎααααααααα‘αΎα ααΊααΆααααα α αΆαααΆα α αα·ααα½αα²ααααααΎα ααααΎααααα»ααααααΎαααααΌααααααααααααααΆαααα·αααααΌαααααΎααΌα αααα αααααΆαααΆαααααααα ααΎαααααΆααααααααααααα»αααααααααΈααΆααααα ααααα·αααα‘αΎαα ααΆαααααααααΆααα·ααααααααα·ααΆααααααα ααΆαααααΆααααααααΆαααααααααααααα ααΎαααααΌαα²ααααΆαααΆααααααααΉαααααααααααααααΆααα αα ααααααααα’αααΈααΆααα·ααααααααα·ααΆααααααααα»αα’αα‘α»αααααΆαα‘α©α§α₯αααα‘α©α§α© ααΎα’αααααΆααα α’ααααααααααααα α¬α’ααααααααααα·ααΆααααα ααΉααααααα α α·αααααΌα ααααα αα αααααΆαααΆαααααΎα’ααααΆαα·ααααΆαα αΆααααααΎα αααα αΆαααα»αααΆααΆααΆαΒ«ααα·αααΒ» αααααααΌαααααΆαααααααΆαα αααΆαααααααα?
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ααΆαααΆαααα·ααααααα αααΆααααα αα·αα αΆαααΆα α α αΎααααα·ααααΆααΆααααααααα ααΆαααΆαααααα²ααααΆααααααααΆααΆααααααΆαααααααα ααΎααααΈααΆααααα ααααα· αααα»αααΈαααααααααα»αααααααα»ααΆ αα·αααΆαααααα·α αα α’ααααααΆαα·ααααααααααααααα»ααΆα
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α’αα»ααΆααα
α‘) α’αα»ααααα²ααααΆαααααα·αααααΆαααΌαα’αα»ααΆααααααααΆαααα½ααα ααααΆαα’α α α©
α’) ααααΎααα ααααΈαααααα αααΆααααααΈααΈαα·αααα·ααα½αααααααΆα αα½αααΆαα½αα αααΆααααααΈααΈααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααΆα αααααΆαααΆααα·ααααααααααααΆαα½αα’αααααΆαααααααααΈαα·α ααΎααααΈααΎααααααΎαααΌααααααΆααΆα αα·ααααα·ααααααα·ααααΆααΈααααΆαααααααΆαα
α£) ααΆααΆααΆαα·αααΆααα·ααααααΆα α αΎαααααααΎαααααΌαααα½αααα αα·ααααααΎαααααααααΆαα―αααΆααα½αααΎααααΈαααΎαα’αααααααααΈααα α ααα ααααΈα§αααα ααααααΆααα’αααααΆααααα αΆαα ααααα’αααααΆααα αα·αα’ααααααααα’αΆααΈααααααααΆαααααααΆαααααααα
α€) ααΎαααΌααΆαααΈααααΆαααΌααααααα αα·ααα·αααα» αααα’αααααααΆαααααααΆααα αααα αα·αα―αααΆα αα½αααΆαααα·αα·αααα‘αΎααα·αααΌαααΆαα ααα αΆαα αααααααααα·αααα» ααΎααααΈα²ααααα’αΆα αααααΎααα·αααα»αα αααααααα’αΆα ααααΆαααΆαα
α₯) ααΎαααΌααΆαααΌαααα ααααΈαααααα αααΆααα’ααΈαααΊαα·αααΆααΆααΆααα ααΎααααΈα²ααα’αααααΆαααααααααΈαα·αα’αΆα α αΌααα½αααααααααααα
α¦) αααα ααα αααΆαααααααΆααααααααα ααααααα ααααααΆαααα·ααααα·αααα½αααααΆααα’αααΎααααααααΌαααΆαααααααααααα αα
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αααααααΆαααααα
HΓ©lΓ¨ne Sackstein, ααααΆαα’αααααΆαα’αααααααααααΆαααααΆαααααααααα ααΈαααα»αα αααΊααα – sackstein@rsf-ch.ch, Tel : + 41 79 696 61 33
Benjamin Ismail, ααΆαα·ααΆαααα’αΆαααΈαααΆαααΈαα·α β asie@rsf.org, +33 1 44 83 84 70
Clothilde Le Coz, α’αααααααΎαααααααααααΆαα’αααααΆαα’αααααααααααΆαααααΆαααααααααα ααααα»ααΆ β c.lecoz@gmail.com – +855 (0)886 004 813
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